Specimen height : 8-14 meters
Habitats : Open slopes, grasslands, river banks
Local name : Anabiong
Trade name : Pigeonwood
Botanical name : Trema orientalis
Family : Ulmaceae
Fruiting season : March to July
Traits : Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Fast-growing; Have extensive root sytem; Medium-sized tree; Spreading crown; Tolerant of infertile soil; Wind hardy
Recommendations : Cut and carry fodder; Erosion control; Fallow improvement; Farms; Green manure; Landscaping; Large avenues; Large gardens; Light shade for crops; Living fence; Living trellis; Medicinal plant; Nurse tree; Ornamental tree; Paper & pulp tree plantations; Pioneer species for reforestation purposes; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak
Used for : Bark and leaves are used in traditional medicine; Bast fibre made into rope; Wood used for paneling, boards, wooden shoes, containers, toys and novelties; Bark and leaves yield black and coffee-coloured dye; Leaves used as animal fodder; Fallen leaves used as mulch; Pulpwood; Firewood and charcoal
Origin : Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan; Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), New Guinea, Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Possible threat : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
Further reading :
AgroForestryTree Database (Trema orientalis)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1654
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (365)
Materials identified by : Ulysses Ferreras (Field Botanist)
Photo specimen : Wild
Specimen height : 2-4 meters
Habitat : Dry thickets and open grasslands
Local name : Amumut
Botanical name : Gymnosporia spinosa var. spinosa
Family : Celastraceae
Traits : Deciduous; Drought tolerant; Grassfire tolerant; Large shrub to small tree; Much-branched; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Erosion control; Hedging; Living trellis; Pioneer species for reforestation purposes; Public spaces; Urban greening
Used for : Fuelwood and charcoal
Origin : Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), New Guinea and Australia
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
(Note : Synonymous to Maytenus emarginata)
Further reading :
Reinstatement of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae):
implications for the Flora Malesiana region (Marie Jordaan and A.E. van Wyk) http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/72714/Tel10Jor155.pdf
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (359)
This May, our family have been blessed with the birth of my son, Hunter; a spunky, snorting ball of cuteness.
Our native trees nursery, meanwhile, was privileged to be visited by the very pleasant former Environment Secretary Mr. Victor Ramos; a meeting which got delayed by a few weeks due to my wife’s pregnancy condition that had me personally attending to. Mr. Ramos is beefing up his inventory of Philippine native trees at his arboretum in Pangasinan and was happy to find some of the species he’s looking for here at the nursery. The kindly former Secretary even gifted us with two signed books which he himself authored, namely “San Miguel de Mayumo : Growth, Decline and Renewal of a Museum Town” and ”The Governance of Ecology : Struggles and Insights in Environmental Statemanship”. The first book, which highlights my hometown, immediately took my attention and made me want to read on right there and then but we have a lot of farm work going on at the moment so reading will have to take its time later.
Once again Mr. Vic Ramos, thank you for the books, for sharing the same passion and for supporting our cause.
Photo specimen : Wild
Local name : Libas
Trade name : Hog plum
Botanical name : Spondias pinnata
Family : Anacardiaceae
Specimen height : 20-30 meters
Fruiting season : Matured fruits collected on July
Traits : Deciduous; Drought tolerant; Fast-growing; Low to high altitude tree; Medium-sized to large tree; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Agroforestry; Backyards; Edible gardening; Erosion control; Farms; Fruit collector’s; Large gardens; Light shade for crops; Living fence; Living trellis; Medicinal plant; Nurse tree; Plantations; Public spaces; Riparian management; Urban greening; Wild-crafting; Windbreak
Used for : Young fruits, inflorescence, young leaves and leafy shoots are used as vegetable; Ripe fruits are eaten raw or made into preserves; Bark, leaves and roots are used in folkloric medicine; Timber for temporary constructions; Wood for cases, boxes, chests, matchsticks
Native range : India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines),
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Further readings :
Flora of China - Spondias pinnata http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012721
India Biodiversity Portal - Spondias pinnata http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/18401
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (369)
Materials identified by : Ulysses Ferreras (Field Botanist)
Specimen : Wild
Specimen height : 4-6 meters
Habitat : Dry thickets and open grasslands
Local name : Dilap
Botanical name : Doryxylon spinosum
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Traits : Drought tolerant; Grass fire tolerant; Low altitude tree; Small tree; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Erosion control; Hedge tree; Landscaping; Living fence
Used for : Fuelwood
Native range : Indonesia and the Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Indiscriminate cutting of wild trees for fuelwood and charcoal production
Further reading :
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo)
Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center - Doryxylon spinosum http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID%3Anmnhbotany_10093828&repo=DPLA (301)
Specimen height : 4-6 meters
Habitats : In open grasslands, creek banks
Local names : Kansilay, Lakansilay, Paguringon
Botanical name : Cratoxylum sumatranum
Fruiting season : May to July
Traits : Drought tolerant; Emergent tree; Evergreen; Low altitude tree; Small to medium-sized tree; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Erosion control; Farms; Home gardens; Landscaping; Living fence; Medicinal plant; Ornamental tree; Pioneer species for reforestation purposes; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Timber belt; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak
Used for : Leaves and bark have medicinal uses; Timber for light construction, interior work, boards, paneling, furniture, poles, wooden crates, boxes and carving; Pulpwood; Fuelwood and charcoal
Native range : Southeast Asia (including the Philippines)
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Indiscriminate cutting of wild trees for fuel and charcoal production
Further reading :
Cratoxylum sumatranum http://www.asianplant.net/Hypericaceae/Cratoxylum_sumatranum.htm
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Trees of Sungai Wain - Cratoxylum sumatranum http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/sungaiwain/ (343)
Materials identified by : Ulysses Ferreras (Field Botanist)
Specimen : Wild
Specimen height : 3-5 meters
Habitats : Creek banks and moist thickets
Botanical name : Premna subscandens
Local name : Alagaw-baging
Family : Lamiaceae
Traits : Low to medium altitude species; Woody climber
Recommendations : Backyards; Farms; Home gardens; Medicinal plant; Public spaces; Urban greening; Vertical gardens; Wildcrafting
Native range : China and the Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
(2 varieties include Premna subscandens var. glabrescens and Premna subscandens var. minutiflora)
Further reading :
A Collagen Network Formation Effector from Leaves of Premna Subscandens (Hirokazu Sudo, Kaori Kijma (née Yuasa), Hideaki Otsuka, Toshinori Ide, Eiji Hirata, Yoshio Takeda, Masayuki Isaji and Yoshikazu Kurashina)
Flora of China Premna subscandens http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019416
(284)
Specimen : Wild
Specimen height : 3-5 meters
Habitats : On trees in moist thickets
Botanical name : Piper retrofractum
Local names : Litlit, Salimara
Trade names : Javanese long pepper, Balinese long pepper
Family : Piperaceae
Traits : Dioecious; Low altitude species; Perrenial; Herbaceous to woody climber
Recommendations : Backyards; Edible gardening; Farms; Fruit collector’s; Home gardens; Landscaping; Medicinal plant; Urban greening; Wildcrafting
Used for : Fruits used as spice; Fruits for pickling; Leaves, fruits and roots have uses in traditional medicine; Used in modern medicine
Native range : India, Bangladesh, China, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines)
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
Further readings :
Flora of China Piper retrofractum http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005592
Piperidine alkaloids from Piper retrofractum Vahl. protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating lipid metabolism and activating AMP-activated protein kinase. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741367 (337)
Specimen height : 4-6 meters
Habitat : Creek banks
Local name : Alas-as, Alasas, Pandan-luzon
Botanical name : Pandanus luzonensis
Family : Pandanaceae
Fruiting season : Fruits observed from February to March
Traits : Dioecious; Evergreen; Shade tolerant; Small tree; Water-logging tolerant; Willowy
Recommendations : Landscaping; Ornamental tree; Public spaces; Riparian management; Wildcrafting
Used for : Prop roots have been used as diuretic; Leaves employed in weaving hats, mats and baskets; Firewood
Native range : The Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
Resources :
Bureau of Plant Industry’s Medicinal Plants Publication - Pandanus luzonensishttp://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/p/pand (280)
Specimen : Wild and semi-domesticated trees
Specimen height : 20-30 meters
Habitats : In open woodlands, coastal thickets and along natural waterways
Local name : Dita
Trade name : Devil tree, Milkwood, White cheesewood, Milky pine
Botanical name : Alstonia scholaris
Family : Apocynaceae
Traits : Drought tolerant; Emergent tree; Evergreen; Fast growing; Low to medium altitude tree; Medium to large tree; Salt spray tolerant; Shade tolerant; Tolerant of infertile soil; Tolerant of occasional water-logging
Recommendations : Boundary marker; Coastal stabilization; Erosion control; Farms; Large avenues; Large gardens; Living fence; Mangrove management; Ornamental tree; Paper & pulp tree plantations; Pioneer species for reforestation purposes; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Specimen tree; Timber belt; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak
Used for : Latex are made into chewing gum; Fiber are obtained from the bark; Inflorescence yields essential oil; Sap from the bark is used as tonic, vermifuge and anti-malarial drug; Latex and leaves are also medicinal; Wood for interior work, veneer, plywood, wooden crates, bowls, food containers, boxes and shoes, coffins, chalkboards, small wooden items, buoys or floats and carving; Pulpwood; Fuelwood
Native range : India, Sri Lanka, China, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), New Guinea, Australia and neighboring islands
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Forestry logging
(Note : The wood is made into chalkboards and slates used for school hence the epithet “scholaris”)
Further readings :
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo)
Tropical & Subtropical Trees (M. Barwick)
World Agroforestry Centre - AgroForestry Tree Database Alstonia scholaris http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=201 (409)
Specimen height : About 25 meters
Habitats : Riverine and limestone forests, secondary forests
Local name : Kupang
Botanical name : Parkia timoriana
Family : Fabaceae - Mimosoideae
Traits : Buttressed; Emergent tree; Drought tolerant; Fast growing; Large tree; Low to medium altitude tree; Nitrogen-fixing; Semi-deciduous to Evergreen; Shade tolerant; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Boundary marker; Erosion control; Fallow improvement; Farms; Fodder tree; Landscaping; Large avenues; Large gardens; Living fence; Ornamental tree; Paper and pulp tree plantations; Pioneer species for reforestation purposes; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Timber belt; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak
Used for : Fruits reportedly edible and can be eaten raw or cooked; Leaves, root, bark and seeds have uses in traditional medicine; Cut and carry fodder; Firewood and charcoal
Native range : India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Forestry logging
(Note : Literatures claim this is synonymous to Parkia javanica)
Further readings :
ASEAN Tropical Plant Database http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=145
Parkia javanica http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/k/kupang.pdf
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo)
Tropical & Subtropical Trees (M. Barwick)
Habitat : Creek banks
Local names : Sinaligan, Kadlihan, Panakitin
Botanical name : Sterculia rubiginosa (3 varieties occur naturally in the Philippines - var. rubiginosa, var. divaricata and var. setistipula)
Family : Malvaceae
Height : 6-10 meters
Traits : Dioecious; Semi-deciduous to deciduous; Fast-growing; Low to medium altitude tree; Small to medium-sized tree; Tolerant of occasional water-logging
Recommendations : Erosion control; Farms; Honey tree; Landscaping; Large gardens; Living fence; Ornamental tree; Paper & pulp tree plantations; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Urban greening
Used for : Timber for light constructions, interior work, wooden containers, shoe heels, veneer, plywood; Pulpwood
Native range : Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Indiscriminate cutting of wild trees for firewood and charcoal production
Further readings :
ASEAN Tropical Plant Database - Sterculia rubiginosa http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=873
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (346)
The past few weeks have been very busy for me and Pim with all the doctor’s visits required of her 7th month of carrying, updating public records, acquiring necessary documents and filing her immigrant visa application that we never had much time to visit the farm except to make short stops to check the work done. With a baby coming along I miss the times when I spent most of my free time making the rounds at the farm and sometimes, when I’m feeling more adventurous, even going out far into the open grassland and woodlands beyond our fence; not even deterred by the sun’s heat or occasional rains.
Yesterday gave me free time so Val, my farm overseer, and I walked to check the partially shaded trees we’ve planted the past years along the shallow creek that borders the farm. We don’t usually collect fruits during the first quarter of the year because most trees we observe are not in fruit this season. It slipped my mind though that one particular cauliflorous and water-loving tree displays its magenta to deep-purple berries from January to March. And so there they were, ready for the picking! We have about a dozen of this wild trees scattered along the same natural waterway.
Val helped himself in sampling this season’s harvest; the shiny berries are sweet but they leave a little astringency on the tongue; truly a forest fruit! (289)
Habitat : On shaded usually aged trees, in creek banks
Local name : Amolong
Trade name : Centipede tongavine, Tongavine
Botanical name : Epipremnum pinnatum
Family : Araceae
Traits : Fast growing; Epiphytic; Shade tolerant
Recommendations : Home gardens; Landscaping; Ornamental; Public spaces; Urban greening
Native range : Bangladesh, Andaman Islands, Japan, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), New Guinea, Australia and neighboring Pacific islands
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Further reading :
Exotic Rainforest - Epipremnum pinnatum http://www.exoticrainforest.com/Epipremnum%20pinnatum%20pc.html (254)
Habitats : Creek banks, open slopes, grasslands
Local name : Mulawin-aso, Alagaw-gubat
Botanical name : Premna nauseosa
Family : Lamiaceae
Fruiting season : June to July
Traits : Drought tolerant; Evergreen to semi-deciduous; Small tree
Recommendations : Erosion control; Farms; Light shade for crops; Living fence; Living trellis; Nurse tree; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Urban greening; Wildcrafting
Used for : Leaves reportedly used in folk medicine and as substitute to Piper betel for chewing “Nga-nga”; Fuel wood and charcoal
Native range : The Philippines
National conservation status : Not threatened
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, residential or commercial use
Bureau of Plant Industry’s Medicinal Plants Publication - Premna nauseosa http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/alagau-gubat.pdf (263)
Local name : Pandakaki
Botanical name : Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
Family : Apocynaceae
Height : 2-3 meters
Fruiting season : Possibly year-round
Traits : Drought-tolerant; Large shrub to small tree; Semi-deciduous to evergreen; Shade tolerant; Tolerant of infertile soils; Wind hardy
Recommendations : Hedging; Home gardens; Landscaping; Nurse tree; Ornamental; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Public spaces; Urban greening; Wildcrafting
Used for : Leaves, root, bark, latex, sap from the ripe fruit and even a poultice of the whole plant are used in traditional medicine; Leaves are used as bath
Native range : Thailand, Taiwan, The Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and Pacific islands
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Further readings :
Bureau of Plant Industry’s Medicinal Plants Publication - Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui)
E-Prosea (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui) http://www.proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1326 (314)
Habitat : Creek banks
Local name : Tanglin
Botanical name : Adenanthera intermedia
Family : Fabaceae
Height : 8-12 meters
Fruiting season : May to August
Traits : Fast growing; Nitrogen-fixing; Shade tolerant; Small to medium-sized tree; Tolerant of occasional waterlogging
Recommendations : Erosion control; Fallow improvement; Farms; Honey tree; Light shade for crops; Living fence; Living trellis; Nurse tree; Ornamental tree; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Timber belt; Timber plantations; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak
Used for : Bark and seeds have medicinal uses; Seeds used as beads in making ethnic-styled jewelries and ornaments; Leaves as animal fodder; Timber for general construction, posts, flooring, paving blocks and furniture; Timber as substitute to Ipil (Intsia bijuga); Fuelwood and charcoal
Native range : The Philippines
National conservation status : Other Threatened Species (DENR AO 2007-1)
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Indiscriminate cutting of wild trees for fuelwood and charcoal production
Further readings :
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (259)
Habitat : Forested creekbank
Local name : Kaluag, Kaluag-linis, Kaluag-abohin
Botanical name : Casearia grewiaefolia
Family : Salicaceae
Fruiting season : July to September
Traits : Evergreen; Low altitude tree; Shade tolerant; Small tree; Tolerant of occasional water-logging
Recommendations : Home gardens; Ornamental tree; Potted; Public spaces; Riparian management; Urban greening; Wildcrafting
Used for : Leaves have medicinal applications; Timber for posts and beams
Native range : Southeast Asia (including the Philippines) and New Guinea
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Threat : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use
(Note : Rojo listed 3 varieties naturally occuring in the Philippines : var. grewiaefolia, var. deglabrata and var. cinerea)
Further readings :
An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia (J. Kulip)
Ethnobotanical studies of Shompens – A critically endangered and degenerating ethnic community in
Great Nicobar Island (M. U. Sharief and R. R. Rao)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (290)
My short 4 years of membership in the e-group “Rare Fruit Society of the Philippines” (RFSP) brought good friends and acquaintances despite occasional meetings and even rarer farm visits. More fascinating to think though that online and mobile communications with members I haven’t even met yet and exchange of planting materials with them have lived through the years. My correspondence with one such member, Mr. Alfredo Navarro or “Al”, is precisely just that. When we were developing the farm in 2008, RFSP founding member Verman “Berns” Reyes gave me a few leads where to source Philippine native trees seedlings; Al was one of those he referred. It wasn’t very hard to connect with this guy; a prompt reply came very soon after my introductory email and later that year I was already on my way to pick-up a batch including a lone Katmon-bayani (Dillenia megalantha), a Baling-agta (Diospyros sp.) and a Bantulinaw (Diospyros sp.). A lot more followed soon after which gave me the chance to reciprocate the generosity by giving back native seedlings from my own nursery and yet meetings remain elusive.
A row of 10 nearly matured Lanete trees (Wrightia pubescens ssp. laniti) now stands in the farm; thanks to Al. This beautiful tree is naturally found in numbers scattered along the woodlands and scrublands of our native Bulacan but the seeds have quite eluded us for many seasons already. It bears fruit that splits open in maturity, allowing the elements to disperse the airborne miniature seeds which proves seed collection quite testy and challenging.
Just recently, Al sent a text message to ask for Putat (Barringtonia racemosa) seedlings; a tree which he ‘d read about on a piece I contributed for the book “Philippine Native Trees 101″. Al, if you’re reading this, I still owe you the Putat seeds/seedlings.
Observed habitats: Open slopes and dry grasslands
Local names : Lanete, Laniti
Trade name : Lanete
Botanical name: Wrightia pubescens ssp. laniti
Family : Apocynaceae
Height : 8-10 meters
Fruiting season : Fruits observed from August to December
Traits : Drought tolerant; Deciduous; Fast growing; Medium-sized tree; Tolerant of infertile soil
Recommendations : Erosion control; Farms; Landscaping; Large avenues; Large gardens; Living fence; Nurse tree; Ornamental tree; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Timber belt; Timber plantations; Urban greening; Windbreak
Used for : Timber used for general constructions; Wood for carving, furnitures, musical instruments, small wooden articles and interior works; Fuel wood and charcoal
Native range : Southern China, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), Australia to Solomon Islands
National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines
Possible threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use; Indiscriminate cutting of wild trees for fuel wood and charcoal production
(Note : Difference between other subspecies is that the calyx is 1/4 as long as corolla tube)
Further readings :
Philippine Woods : Principal Uses, Distribution & Equivalent Woods in Asia Pacific (A. Ella, A. Tongacan, R. Escobin & F. Pitargue)
Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo)
World Agroforestry Centre http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18173 (444)
