Aug 092012
 

What can be considered as the mother or the father of all modern bananas, the lowly Musa Balbisiana (Wild seeded-banana) is becoming rarer and rarer due to rapid human reclamation of woodlands primarily for housing and cultivation. Not much attention and no conservation effort at all is yet accorded to this once useful species; if anything, people will just frown at it as a weed. The seedy fruits are left for the birds, bats and rodents if not given to pigs. But what our generations don’t usually know and what our elders would surely agree on is that Musa balbisiana have the best inflorescence (puso ng saging) for use as vegetable, giving the broth a milky hue when added to “Sinigang na dalag”. At home where there are a lot of people to feed, we don’t let the inflorescence go to waste when there’s no fish to make sour soup of. It can be a little laborious but we always come-up with “Kilawin na puso ng saging” when we have these around; saute with fatty pork and add a right blend of crushed black peppercorns, vinegar, fish sauce, soy sauce and a piece of Bay leaf, this dish truly enlivens the palette. I’ve heard from Mr. Edward Agdeppa of the Agreekultura yahoogroup that during his younger days they pickle the sliced fruits in vinegary brine and this is not the lone time that I heard of this “Pickled butuan-saging”. Back then, the folks have resourceful ways of turning up table food from whatever edibles can be gathered around; a trait which I think we lost in time. Everything now seems easier. Musa balbisiana leaves also are the best kind to use for “Suman” wrap and for “Balinsuso” steamed rice so my folks say.

Specimen : Wild and cultivated

Local names : Butuan, Butuan-saging, Butuhan

Trade names : Seeded banana; Wild seeded-banana

Botanical name : Musa Balbisiana

Family : Musaceae

Specimen height : 4-6 meters

Trunk : Pseudostem erect, columnar, herbaceous, green to dark brown

Lea : Afs typical with Banana leaf - Elliptic, large, flexible, with prominent midrib, surface waxy, light to deep green

Flower : As typical with Banana inflorescence - Purplish, waxy bracts cover the flowers in layers; Oftentimes refered to as Banana heart

Fruit : As typical with all Banana - a Berry; Clustered (or bunched?), individual fruits 4-angled, tapering on both ends, light green or green to yellowish; Pulp starchy, whitish and filled with small, numerous, brownish to black, roundish seeds; Rind easy to tear or peel when ripe

Fruiting season : Year round

Traits : Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Fast growing; Large herb; Parthenocarpic; Prolific in producing suckers; Tolerant of occasional water-logging

Recommendations : Agroforestry; Backyard planting; Erosion control; Fruit collector’s item; Hedging; Nurse tree; Riparian manegement; Wildcrafting; Windbreak

Used for : Fruits are edible but seedy; Inflorescence, otherwise known as the Banana heart, is cooked as vegetable and usually with fish; Leaves used for wrapping sweetmeats, desserts and other food items; Animal fodder

Native range : Sri Lanka to Southeast Asia (including the Philippines)

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

(Note : This, together with Musa acuminata (Saging-matsing), is the predecessor of many edible seedless bananas)

Further reading:

Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry - Banana and Plantains - an overview with emphasis on Pacific island cultivars by Randy C. Ploetz, Angela Kay Kepler, Jeff Daniells, and Scot C. Nelson http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf (746)

Aug 082012
 

Strolling by the creek would sometimes bring me to discover some jewels hiding in its darkened thickets as the case for this species. We have transferred some to where they can’t be severed by our grass-cutter and where they can climb upright. Sometimes, the bruises obtained from thorny weeds or from sharply serrated leaves of common sedge and grasses, the inevitable insect bites, the unquenchable thirst felt from the midday heat and the sluggish walks due to muddy terrain become a part of our regular day’s work in our effort to know and to salvage the natural plant species around the farm.

Photo specimen : Wild

Specimen length : 2-8 meters

Habitat : Creek bank thickets

Local names : Katmon-baging, Malakatmon

Botanical name : Tetracera scandens

Family : Dilleniaceae

Traits : Evergreen; Fast-growing; Shade tolerant; Woody climber

Recommendations : Backyards; Farms; Home gardens; Landscaping; Medicinal plant; Ornamental vine; Potted; Public spaces; Urban greening; Vertical gardens; Wildcrafting

Used for : Leaves, stem and roots are used in traditional medicine; Young stem may be used as a durable cordage after heating and twisting; Dried leaves used for sanding

Native range : China and Southeast Asia (including the Philippines)

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

 

Further readings :

Flora of China - Tetracera scandens http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013878

PROSEA (Tetracera scandens) http://www.proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1338 (327)

Aug 082012
 

We got introduced to this species exactly 3 years ago to this week when my grandmother had known that I was having the farm planted with all sorts of Philippine native forest trees. She took me to check an unfamiliar-looking treelet that has been cut on the main trunk but had managed to produce quite a number of offshoots that were even in flower at that time. She said that the tree grew there on its own and was spared from being weeded out because it grew exactly where the fence is located thus serving partly as one of its post. But the neighbor on the other side regularly trim this tree of its branches to avoid too much leaves from littering their side so no one there really knew how tall the tree will be or how it will look like if it had been let on its own. On October the same year, Grandma sent me some fruiting branches and from these we were able to collect seeds that readily germinated after a few weeks of being sown. I sent some materials also for identification to experienced field botanist Ulysses Ferreras who came up with the id Villaria glomerata. The germinants showed their first florescence on their way to the 2nd year but fruits remained elusive until much later on the 3rd year.


Specimen : Wild and cultivated

Specimen height : 2-4 meters

Habitats : Near human settlements, roadside, creek banks

Local names : Karagli, Karagri

Botanical name : Villaria glomerata

Family : Rubiaceae

Fruiting season : July to December

Traits : Evergreen; Large shrub or small tree

Recommendations : Home gardens; Landscaping tree; Living fence; Ornamental tree; Potted; Public spaces; Urban greening

Native range : The Philippines

National conservation status : Not threatened

Possible threat : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use

Further reading :

AN ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF VILLARIA ROLFE (RUBIACEAE) FROM THE PHILIPPINES http://www.biologi.lipi.go.id/jurnal/reinwardtia/2009_02_27_08_51_4512(2)-8-villaria.pdf (212)

Aug 062012
 

Just barely a year old and still shrubby these fast-growing Mamalis are already proud of their fragrant blooms, attracting even the smaller nectar-feeding insects and obviously my wife who’s keen sense of smell never fails. The mother tree (picture of a lone tree below) was among the unknown trees back in 2008 that we chose to save from being cut down. Margaret Barwick’s book “Tropical & Subtropical Trees (Thames & Hudson)” helped me id this one.


Specimen : Wild trees

Habitat : Creek banks, open grasslands, moist and dry thickets

Local names : Mamalis, Pangantuon

Trade names : Philippine Pittosporum, Taiwanese cheesewood

Botanical name : Pittosporum pentandrum

Family : Pittosporaceae

Specimen height : 4-6 meters

Trunk : Bole lean, erect or slightly bent, branching high or low; Bark smooth, brown or grey

Leaves : Narrowly elliptic to linear; Glossy dark green, margins undulating

Fruit : Capsule; Small, globular, green to orange, dehiscent, synthetic-looking and held in clusters; Seeds numerous, covered with glossy red, oily and sticky mucus and emit a strong odor reminiscent of petroleum

Fruiting season : September to January

Traits : Evergreen; Prolific fruiter; Shade tolerant; Small tree

Recommendations : Agroforestry; Commercial planting; Home gardens; Ornamental tree; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Roadside tree; Urban greening

Used for : Wood for beads; Firewood

Native range : China, Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

Threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential
use

Further readings :

Pittosporum pentandrum http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/pittosporum_pentandrum.pdf

Chinese Plant Names - Pittosporum pentandrum var. formosanum http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=242411135

Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo)

Tropical & Subtropical Trees (M. Barwick) (383)

Aug 062012
 

Specimen : Wild trees

Habitat : Dry grasslands, open slopes, moist and dry thickets

Local name : Ligas, Kamiling

Botanical name : Semecarpus cuneiformis

Family : Anacardiaceae

Specimen height : 6-10 meters

Trunk : Bole straight or bent; Bark smooth with shallow fissures, grey, matted with lichens

Leaves : Linear to spathulate, apex acutely blunt, base tapering, dark to bluish green

Fruit : Drupe (similar to cashew); Perceived fruit is a swollen receptacle (green to shiny, translucent yellow, orange or red); Perceived seed is the true fruit (crescent to heart-shaped, green to shiny black); Clustered, numerous, small

Fuiting season : March to April

Traits : Dioecious; Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Fast growing; Small tree to medium-sized tree; Tolerant of infertile
soil; Tolerant of occasional water-logging; Wind hardy

Recommendations : Erosion control; Living fence; Nurse tree; Riparian management; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Wildcrafting; Windbreak

Used for : Swollen fruit receptacle is edible; Pole; Firewood and charcoal

Native range : Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

Threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use

Further readings :

ASEAN Tropical Plant Database - Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/search01_view.jsp?rno=172&fno=&page=2&all=1

Contact-Poisonous Plants of the World http://mic-ro.com/plants/

Revised Lexicon of Philippine trees (J. Rojo)

 

  (256)

Aug 052012
 

Specimen : Wild

Local name : Bignay-pugo

Botanical name : Antidesma pentandrum

Family : Phyllanthaceae

Specimen height : 2-4 meters

Fruiting season : June to November

Traits : Dioecious; Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Large shrub to small tree; Shade tolerant

Recommendations : Backyards; Fruit collector’s; Home gardens; Living fence; Ornamental; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Potted; Urban greening; Wildcrafting

Used for : Fruits are edible and may be eaten raw or made into preserves; Bonsai material; Topiary material

Native range : Japan (Ryuku Islands), Taiwan and the Philippines

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

Threats : Conversion of woodlands to agricultural, commercial or residential plots; Gathering of wildlings for Bonsai and Topiary markets

Further readings :

ASEAN Tropical Plant Database - Antidesma pentandrum http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=204

Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees (J. Rojo) (303)

Aug 052012
 

Specimen : Wild shrubs

Habitat : Creek bank and moist thickets

Local names : Kayomkom, Kamingi

Trade names : Philippine ixora, Philippine santan

Botanical name : Ixora philippinensis

Family : Rubiaceae

Height : 1-3 meters

Leaf : Opposite; Elliptic to nearly spathulate, apex acute; Firm, dull green

Flower : Umbel; Florets small, 4-parted, petals curled downward, light pink

Fruit : A round, 2-seeded berry, light pink to purple; Solitary to clusters of up to 4 or more

Fruiting season : March to August

Traits : Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Shade tolerant; Woody shrub

Recommendations : Home gardens; Ornamental shrub; Potted; Urban greening; Wildcrafting

Used for : Edible fruits

Native range : The Philippines and the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Malaysia and Indonesia

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

Threats : Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, commercial or residential use

Further reading :

E-Prosea http://www.proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1700 (466)

Aug 042012
 

Last May 26, me, my wife and with few other enterprising members of the Rarefruit Society of the Philippines (RFSP) made a contribution to the greening of Biak na Bato National Park by planting Philippine native fruit trees. This project was initiated in the RFSP online forum upon the suggestion of Dr. Roberto Coronel; renowned fruit expert and highly esteemed professor emeritus at the University of the Philippines in Los Banos. With prior coordination in CENRO San Rafael, we have been allotted with a strip of freshly weeded planting area at the bank of the river that runs through the park. The sun was high and the humidity truly oppressing but we managed to put on happy faces as we plant Bignay (Antidesma ghaesembilla), Bunog (Garcinia benthami), Basiad (Canarium luzonicum), Alupag (Litchi chinensis ssp. philippinensis), Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi), Hunggo (Elaeocarpus cumingii), Bignay-pugo (Antidesma pentandrum), Paho (Mangifera altissima), Pili (Canarium ovatum), Balobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus), Ligas (Semecarpus cuneiformis), Amugis (Koordersiodendron pinnatum), Binukaw (Garcinia binucao), Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa) and Kubili (Cubilia cubili). Left-over seedlings were donated to the park’s nursery for future planting.

Attendees : Rey Palacio, Ernie Aquino, Dr. Roberto Coronel & crew, Gigi Morris, Noi Cruz & son, Mr. & Mrs. Ped Unson and Ving Sico

After a brief luncheon of Adobong manok and salted eggs, Dr. Coronel and his crew took the long drive here to Balinghasai farms to collect wild edible native fruits for study while the rest of the group decided to stay and see what the forest park has to offer. Dr. Coronel and I have corresponded thru email days before regarding what wild fruits are in season here in the area. Half a day of walking, driving and more walking yielded voucher specimen for Binayuyu (Antidesma ghaesembilla), Halubagat-baging (Capparis zeylanica / Capparis horrida), Kalubkob (Syzygium calubcob), Kayumkom (Ixora philippinensis), Balinawnaw (Lepisanthes fruticosa) and some scion materials.

Not beaten down by the weather, the good doctor still welcomed my invitation to tour even the farthest recess of the farm to check a wild-growing Garcinia by the creek that we’re really itching to identify. The genus was confirmed by noted field botanist Ulysses Ferreras but the exact identification yet remained unknown.

(348)

Aug 032012
 

In my occasional field explorations in the cogon-dominated, cattle-grazed grasslands peripheralizing Balinghasai farms I can say that this is the most abundant native tree species in this part of the Philippines but is also the most exploited for use as fuelwood. Bauhinia malabarica stumps left by wood poachers readily coppice and wildlings emerged to the onset of rain thus the availability of this wood especially for charcoal producers seemed limitless but sometimes the rate of human collection far exceeds the natural capability of the species to reproduce, and this becomes the problem that leads to species decline. Bauhinia malabarica, for now, may be categorized as a common tree but for how long?

Locally called “Alibangbang”, a common reference which it shares also with a number of exotic Bauhinia species which are grown as avenue trees for their colorful and ornate, orchid-like flowers; this mainly due to the very close resemblance of their leaves. This also got a lot of people mistaken in thinking that these large-flowered ornamental Bauhinias are the real Bauhinia malabarica.

True Bauhinia malabarica is an esteemed tree by plant hobbyists and farm owners due to its edible tart leaves. Chopped leaves, particularly the shoots and tips, are used to flavor all sorts of “Sinigang”. At home, we prefer using this over any other sour-imparting ingredients for our “Sinigang na pata ng baka”. Even the regular “Munggong-guisado” and Sauteed sardines (canned) become a little more interesting to the palette when cooked with this vegetable leaf.


Specimen : Wild trees

Habitats : Creek banks, dry grasslands, open slopes, roadsides

Local name : Alibangbang

Trade name : Malabar orchid

Botanical name : Bauhinia malabarica

Family : Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae

Specimen height : 6-10 meters

Trunk : Bole erect, branching starts at 3-4 meters; Bark flaking, grey or brown

Leaf : Cordate, with notches on both apex and base (apple-shaped); Yellowish green

Flower : Clusters of minute, greenish-white, pendulous tubular florets supported by reddish or maroon peduncles

Fruit : Pod; 10-15 cms in length, green to reddish-brown; Seeds numerous, small, hard, brown

Traits : Drought tolerant; Evergreen; Grassfire tolerant; Nitrogen-fixing;
Small tree; Tolerant of infertile soil; Water-logging tolerant; Wind hardy

Recommendations : Agroforestry; Backyards; Edible gardening; Erosion control; Fallow improvement; Farms; Home gardens; Honey tree; Living fence; Nurse tree; Ornamental tree; Pioneer species for reforestation purpose; Plantations; Public spaces; Riparian management; Roadside tree; Shade tree; Urban greening; Wildcrafting; Windbreak

Used for : New leaves and shoots are used to flavour soupy fish and meat dishes; Animal fodder; Firewood and charcoal

Native range : South Asia, Southeast Asia (including the Philippines) to Australia

National conservation status : Not threatened in the Philippines

Threats : Cutting of wild trees for fuelwood and charcoal production; Clearing of woodlands for agricultural, residential or commercial use

Further readings :

Tropical & Subtropical Trees (M. Barwick) (421)